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ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease, a zoonosis transmitted mainly by hematophagous insects of the subfamily Triatominae, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs: TcI-TcVI and Tcbat). Methods: Insect vectors were collected from 84 human dwellings in the municipality of Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; 4.76% were infested. DTUs were determined using conventional and nested PCR. Results: The infection rate was 43.6%. All insects were infected with TcI while one specimen showed mixed infection with TcII. Conclusions: This is the first report of T. cruzi mixed infection in Triatoma phyllosoma, its main vector in the study region.
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Portal vein thrombosis is one of the common complications of liver cirrhosis. The incidence of portal vein thrombosis is increased with the progression of diseases. The incidence and progression of portal vein thrombosis are associated with multiple factors. The indications of anticoagulant therapy remain to be investigated. At present, portal vein thrombosis is no longer considered as a contraindication for liver transplantation. Nevertheless, complicated portal vein thrombosis will increase perioperative risk of liver transplantation. How to restore the blood flow of portal vein system is a challenge for surgical decision-making in clinical practice. Rational preoperative typing, surgical planning and portal vein reconstruction are the keys to ensure favorable long-term prognosis of liver transplant recipients. In this article, epidemiological status, risk factors, typing and identification of portal vein thrombosis, preoperative and intraoperative management of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation, and the impact of portal vein thrombosis on the outcomes of liver transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for perioperative management of portal vein thrombosis throughout liver transplantation.
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Introduction: India has a huge disease burden of thalassemia major with an estimated 40 million carriers and over a million thalassemia major patients. Very few patients are optimally treated, and the standard of care “hematopoietic stem cell transplant” (HSCT) is out of reach for most patients and their families. The cost of HSCT is significant, and a substantial proportion of it goes to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing of family members (HLA screening) in hope of getting a matched related donor (MRD) for HSCT. The aim of this study was to establish that a new proposed testing algorithm of HLA typing would be more cost-effective as compared to the conventional HLA screening within MRD families for possible HSCT. Material and Methods: Buccal swab samples of 177 thalassemia patients and their prospective family donors (232) were collected. Using a new HLA testing algorithm, samples were tested for HLA typing in a sequential manner (first HLA-B, then HLA-A, and finally HLA-DR) using the sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe method on the Luminex platform. Results: The new sequential HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1 testing algorithm showed a 49.1% reduction in cost compared to the conventional HLA testing algorithm. Furthermore, 40 patients (22.59%) were found to have HLA-MRD within the family among other samples that were tested. Conclusion: The new HLA testing algorithm proposed in the present study for identifying MRD for HSCT resulted in a substantial reduction in the cost of HSCT workup.
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Objective:To investigate the value of qualitative characteristics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and VueBox quantitative parameters in the evaluation of pathological molecular typing of breast cancer.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 133 patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer who underwent CEUS examination in the People′s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from January 2020 to July 2022. The patients were divided into Luminal A type, Luminal B type, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2) type and triple negative type according to the results of immunohistochemistry. The differences of qualitative characteristics and quantitative parameters of CEUS in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer were analyzed. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of CEUS in the differentiation of molecular subtypes of breast cancer.Results:There were significant differences in enhancement intensity, post-enhancement boundary, filling defect and peripheral radial convergence among different molecular subtypes of breast cancer(all P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in enhancement uniformity ( P>0.05). Peak enhancement (PE), wash-in and wash-out areas under the curve (WiWoAUC), and wash-in ratio (WiR) of HER-2 type and triple-negative type breast cancer were higher than Luminal A type and Luminal B type (all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that PE and radial convergence had reasonable diagnostic efficiency in Luminal A type, and the areas under the curve were 0.849 and 0.780, sensitivity was 0.711 and 0.889, specificity was 0.909 and 0.671, accuracy was 0.842 and 0.744, respectively. The areas under the curve of PE in diagnosing Luminal B type was 0.852, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.825, 0.763 and 0.782, respectively. The area under the curve of WiWoAUC and filling defect in diagnosing HER-2 type were 0.912 and 0.898, the sensitivity was 0.903 and 0.903, the specificity was 0.853 and 0.892, and the accuracy was 0.865 and 0.895, respectively. The area under the curve of clear boundary after enhancement in diagnosing triple negative type was 0.919, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 0.941, 0.897 and 0.902, respectively. Conclusions:There are differences in the qualitative characteristics and quantitative parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in different molecular types of breast cancer. CEUS is suggested as a noninvasive modality for preoperative prediction of molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
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Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of urinary tract infection in pregnant women with diabetes and the distribution characteristics of pathogens in the middle urinary tract.Methods:A total of 220 patients with gestational diabetes who visited the Second People′s Hospital of Lianyungang City from December 2018 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects, and the incidence of urinary tract infection was counted. According to the diagnosis results of urinary tract infection, they were divided into infected group and uninfected group. The infected group took the middle urine for pathogen culture, and the resistance rate of main gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics was analyzed; Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of urinary tract infection in pregnant women with diabetes.Results:There were 32 cases of urinary tract infection in 220 patients with gestational diabetes, and the infection rate was 14.55%(32/220). 43 strains of pathogenic bacteria were identified, mainly gram-negative bacilli [72.09%(31/43)], followed by gram-positive cocci [20.93%(9/43)] and fungi [6.98%(3/43)]. Amongthe main gram-negative bacteria, escherichia coli had a high resistance rate to ampicillin and levofloxacin, while Klebsiella pneumoniae had a high resistance rate to ampicillin and cefazolin; There were significant differences between the infected group and the non infected group in age, hospital stay, personal urinary tract infection history, pregnancy sexual life history, use of antibiotics, fasting blood sugar, serum albumin, and glycated hemoglobin (all P<0.05); Multivariate logistic regression results showed that personal history of urinary tract infection, sexual life during pregnancy, non-standard use of antibiotics, serum albumin<30 g/L, glycated hemoglobin ≥7%, and fasting blood sugar ≥8.5 mmol/L were independent risk factors for urinary tract infection in pregnant diabetes patients (all P<0.05). Conclusions:There is a high incidence of urinary tract infection in patients with gestational diabetes, and the risk factors are complex. Gram negative bacilli are the main pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterial drugs can be reasonably selected for intervention according to drug sensitivity test in clinical practice.
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Objective:To analyze the genetic variation characteristics of the HA gene of influenza A virus (H3N2) in Guizhou province from 2017 to 2019. Methods:Twenty strains of influenza A virus (H3N2) were randomly selected from 10 network laboratories in Guizhou province for RNA extraction. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were performed. The products were analyzed using bioinformatics software.Results:The nucleotide homology of the HA gene of the 20 strains was 97.7%-100%, which was highly homologous to the vaccine strains A/Hong-Kong/4801/2014 recommended by WHO in 2017 and A/Singapore-INFIMH/16-0019/2016 recommended by WHO in 2018, but they were significantly different from the vaccine strain A/Kansas/14/2017 recommended by WHO in 2019. Genetic analysis showed that the 20 strains were divided into two branches, and the strains that were prevalent in 2019 were located in different branches, with marked genetic differences. Key site analysis showed mutations in antigenic determinants A, B, C, and E and mutations in the anterior and posterior walls of receptor binding sites. Key site analysis also showed that there was an increase in the number of glycosylation sites compared with the vaccine strains prevalent in the same year. Genetic distance, antigen sites, and glycosylation sites were slightly different between virus strains prevalent in 2017-2018 and virus strains prevalent in 2019. Conclusion:The HA gene of the influenza A virus subtype H3N2 in Guizhou province from 2017 to 2019 showed heterogeneity and gene mutation, especially in 2019. Therefore, close monitoring of the genetic evolution of the influenza A virus subtype H3N2 is necessary.
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Objective:To study the multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) gene characteristics of Brucella isolates in Guizhou Province. Methods:Brucella strains, which were isolated from 2017 to 2021 in Guizhou Province (preserved in the Bacterial and Viral Seed Bank of Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention) were identified Brucella and species/types by BCSP31-PCR and AMOS-PCR methods, respectively. MLST method was used for genotyping, and Biometrics 8.0 software was used for cluster analysis of the typing results. Results:A total of 32 strains of Brucella were isolated in Guizhou Province and identified as Brucella melitensis ( B.melitensis) by BCSP31-PCR and AMOS-PCR methods. These strains were classified into 2 ST types (ST8 and ST39) by MLST method, with 28 strains of ST8 type(87.5%) and 4 strains of ST39 type (12.5%). The 28 strains of ST8 type were distributed in 7 cities (prefectures) of Guizhou Province, while the 4 strains of ST39 type were only found in Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. The cluster analysis results showed that ST8 and ST39 types strains were clustered in a group with the reference strain of B.melitensis, and there was only one nucleotide site difference between ST39 and ST8 types in the glk gene, indicating a close genetic relationship. Conclusions:B.melitensis is the main pathogen of the brucellosis epidemic in Guizhou Province in recent years. ST8 is the dominant MLST genotype in Guizhou Province.
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Objective:To observe multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) typing of Brucella isolated from Himalayan marmot in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of Qinghai Province, and to explore the relationship between the strains and strains previous isolated from Qinghai Province. Methods:Blood samples of Himalayan marmot were collected in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of Qinghai Province from March 2019 to October 2020. Pathogens were isolated and cultured from Brucella antibody positive samples identified by using the rose bengal test (RBT). Conventional biological methods and molecular biological methods (BCSP31-PCR and AMOS-PCR) were used for strain identification. At the same time, MLVA method was used to genotype the isolated strains, and cluster analysis was used to analyze the genetic relationships between the strains based on the genotype of 70 Brucella isolated from different hosts in Qinghai Province. Results:A total of 1 466 blood samples of Himalayan marmot were collected from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Two strains of Brucella were isolated and cultured from 64 RBT-positive samples, named QH2013054 and QH2013062, respectively. They were identified as Brucella ovis biotype Ⅲ by conventional and molecular biological methods. The MLVA genotyping results showed that QH2013054 and QH2013062 were different at the Bru16 locus, indicating different MLVA genotypes. Cluster analysis showed that strain QH2013054 had the same MLVA genotype as 7 strains, among which 6 strains were from 3 farmers and 3 sheep from the same family in Gonghe County, and 1 strain was from a farmer in Menyuan Hui Autonomous County. The strain QH2013062 had the same MLVA genotype as 4 strains, including 3 strains from 3 farmers in Menyuan Hui Autonomous County and 1 strain from a farmer in Tu Autonomous County of Huzhu. Conclusions:The strains of Brucella isolated from Himalayan marmot in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of Qinghai Province have the same MLVA genotype as some strains of Brucella isolated from humans and sheep in Qinghai Province. It is speculated that the host humans, sheep and Himalayan marmot in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may have a common source of infection.
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Objective:To learn about the genotyping of human Brucella isolated from Sichuan Province. Methods:BCSP31-PCR and AMOS-PCR were used to identify the genus and biotype of the 66 strains isolated from confirmed human brucellosis cases in Sichuan Province from 2014 to 2020, respectively. The isolated strains were genotyped by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)-9. The sequence type (ST) was compared trough the online MLST database. A minimum spanning tree (MST) was constructed to cluster the newly discovered and known ST using the BioNumerics software version 7.6.Results:The 66 strains isolated from human cases of brucellosis in Sichuan Province from 2014 to 2020 were Brucella, and 65 of them were Brucella melitensis while one strain was Brucella abortus. The MLST method identified three known STs (ST-8, ST-39 and ST-2) and one newly type (ST-101). Among them, ST-8 was the main ST in Sichuan Province (90.91%, 60/66), another 4 strains of Brucella melitensis were ST-39, and 1 strain of Brucella abortus was ST-2. The newly type ST-101 was isolated from Leshan City in 2019, belonging to the Brucella melitensis and closely related to the evolution of ST-8. Conclusion:Brucella melitensis is the main epidemic Brucella strain in Sichuan Province, ST-8 is predominant genotype, with a small amount of ST-39, ST-101 and ST-2.
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Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics of food poisoning isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) from 2019 to 2021 in Zhongshan City. Methods A total of 37 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from 8 food poisoning incidents in Zhongshan City from 2019 to 2021 were collected, including 1 residual food isolate and 36 human isolates. The genetic correlation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning isolates in this region was analyzed by serological typing, virulence gene detection (TLH, TDH, and TRH), drug sensitivity test, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multipoint sequence typing (MLST). Results The 37 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were divided into 4 serotypes: O3:K6, O10:K4, O4:K8, and O4:KUT. The tdh+ and trh- were the main virulence genotypes, accounting for 97.30% (36/37). The drug resistance rate of cefazolin was 40.54% (15 strains R, 22 strains I), and no multidrug-resistant strains were found. The 37 VP strains were divided into 23 PFGE types and 6 cluster groups, with correlation coefficients ranging from 60.4%-100%. The multipoint sequencing typing showed that the 37 VP strains were divided into 9 ST types and 3 complex groups, of which ST3 type was the main type (23 strains, 62.1%). Conclusion This study has found that the dominant virulence types of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning isolates in Zhongshan City from 2019 to 2021 are tdh+ and trh-, and 37 representative strains can be divided into 6 PFGE clusters and 9 ST types with MLST type being mainly ST3. This study has identified the rare serotype O10:K4 which has caused an increase in the proportion of food poisoning events, suggesting that we should strengthen detection and be alert to the risk of continued local epidemics of new rare serotype strains.
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Objective To investigate clinical and epidemiological features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data of 68 kidney transplant recipients admitted from July, 2021 to December, 2021 were collected. All patients were divided into the PJP group (n=11), common pulmonary infection group (n=24) and non-pneumonia group (n=33) according to the status of pulmonary infection. The incidence and treatment of PJP after kidney transplantation were analyzed. Basic characteristics and laboratory parameters of the recipients were compared among all groups. The genotyping and transmission map of PJP patients were evaluated. Results Among 64 kidney transplant recipients, 11 cases were definitely diagnosed with PJP. The most common clinical manifestations included elevated body temperature, and dry cough complicated with progressive dyspnea. Chest CT scan showed diffuse interstitial inflammation and ground glass-like lesions of bilateral lungs in all patients. After diagnosis, all patients were orally given with compound sulfamethoxazole for 3-4 weeks. Two patients received non-invasive ventilator-assisted ventilation due to severe lung infection and dyspnea, and the remaining patients were given with nasal cannula oxygenation. One patient experienced elevated serum creatinine level upon discharge, and developed renal allograft failure. The remaining 10 recipients with PJP obtained normal renal allograft function, and no recipient died. Compared with the non-pneumonia group, the rejection rate was higher, the length of hospital stay was longer, the lymphocyte count was less, the lymphocyte proportion was lower, the levels of C-reactive protein, serum creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase were higher, and the levels of serum albumin was lower and CD4+T cell count was less in the PJP group (all P < 0.05). Compared with common pulmonary infection group, the lymphocyte count was less, the lymphocyte proportion was lower, the CD4+T cell count was less and 1, 3-β-D- glucan (BDG) level was higher in the PJP group (all P < 0.05). No new genotype was detected in 10 of the 12 testing samples. It was considered that PJP mainly depended on two transmission chains and two independent transmission individuals. Conclusions Kidney transplant recipients are prone to pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) infection due to impaired cellular immune function. The most common clinical manifestations consist of elevated body temperature and dry cough complicated with progressive dyspnea, accompanied by headache and fatigue in partial patients. Chest CT scan shows diffuse interstitial inflammation and ground glass-like lesion of bilateral lungs. PJ may be transmitted through respiratory tract. Small-scale PJP might occur in the follow-up outpatient of kidney transplant recipients. Preventive measures should be delivered in a timely manner.
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ObjectiveTo investigate a suspected outbreak of healthcare-associated infection （HAI） caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia （CRKP） in a secondary grade-A hospital， analyze the infection source and transmission route， and put forward corresponding preventive and control measures. MethodsEpidemiological investigation was conducted on 5 patients with CRKP infection in department of neurosurgery during December 23‒30， 2021. Specimens were collected with the environmental microbiology monitoring procedure. CRKP isolated from the environmental samples were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing （MLST） method. Comprehensive measures were taken to control the CRKP infection. ResultsThe 5 infected patients were located in 3 rooms， and all were diagnosed as HAI. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing results from the specimens of 3 CRKP infected patients were the same. Through environmental microbiology monitoring， CRKP strains were detected from the faucet handle and sink specimens in 3 rooms. The results of MLST analysis showed that the faucet handle and sink specimens in room 2 and 3 were ST11 type. The environmental specimen in room 1 was ST23 type. The suspected outbreak was effectively controlled after comprehensive interventions. ConclusionHAI suspected outbreak might be caused by the environmental contamination from the pathogens of CRKP-infected patients as well as the contaminated hands of medical staff and accompanying family members. Strengthening the publicity， education and management of medical staff and accompanying staff， early identification of infection outbreaks， and timely comprehensive control measures are the keys to controlling multidrug-resistant nosocomial infection outbreaks.
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Objective To investigate the drug resistance phenotype, drug resistance genes and molecular characteristics of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Yangzhou from 2016 to 2020. Methods A total of 71 strains of clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were collected. Molecular typing of the strains was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SNP. Antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations were detected by the method of microdilution broth. Different resistance genes were detected. Results A total of 71 strains of clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were collected in this study, of which 42 strains (59.15%) were inherently resistant and 29 strains (40.85%) were induced resistant ; 44 strains (61.97%) were found to be methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among the 71 strains , 18 ST types were found , and the detection rates of mecA and ermB in ST59 strain were higher than those in other ST types. Among the clustered strains, CC59 was inherently resistant. Conclusion The clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus in Yangzhou has severe drug resistance, especially the resistance to clindamycin. CC59 clone group carries many drug resistance genes, and all of them are MRSA . This study provides reliable data for clinical selection of appropriate drugs and further investigation of the prevalence of clindamycin-resistant strains.
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Objective To investigate the role of P-I-R classification and Laennec grading in evaluating histological changes in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis after receiving antiviral therapy, as well as the association of these two evaluation systems with clinical prognosis. Methods A total of 218 patients from 14 centers were consecutively screened from October 2013 to October 2014, and these patients were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis based on pathology (Ishak score ≥5), received antiviral therapy for 72 weeks, completed two liver biopsies, and met the P-I-R classification criteria. The 218 patients were divided into non-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) group with 186 patients and HCC group with 32 patients. The chi-square test and the Fisher's exact test were used for comparison of categorical data between groups. For the comparison of HCC after antiviral therapy, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables, and for the comparison of P-I-R classification and Laennec grading, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratio ( HR ) and 95% confidence interval ( CI ), and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative incidence rate of HCC. Results After 72 weeks of antiviral therapy, there was a significant difference in P-I-R classification between the non-HCC group and the HCC group ( P < 0.001). There were significant differences in the distribution of Laennec grading and P-I-R classification before and after antiviral therapy ( P < 0.001). After antiviral therapy, the 218 patients were divided into 4A group with 33 patients, 4B group with 71 patients, and 4C group with 114 patients according to Laennec grading, and there were significant differences between these three groups in platelet count (PLT) ( H =36.429, P < 0.001), liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ( H =13.983, P =0.004), Ishak score ( χ 2 =23.060, P < 0.001), and HAI score ( P < 0.001). After antiviral therapy, the 218 patients were divided into R group with 70 patients, I group with 52 patients, and P group with 96 patients according to P-I-R classification, and there were significant differences between these three groups in PLT ( H =7.193, P =0.028), LSM ( H =6.238, P =0.045), Ishak score ( χ 2 =7.986, P < 0.001), HAI score ( P =0.002), and HCC ( P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the incidence rate of HCC between the P and R groups based on P-I-R classification ( HR =24.21, 95% CI : 0.46-177.99, P =0.002). After adjustment for other confounding factors, P-I-R classification was an independent predictive factor for HCC ( HR =12.69, 95% CI : 4.63-34.80, P =0.002). Conclusion Both P-I-R classification and Laennec grading can reflect the features and changes of fibrosis before and after antiviral therapy, and P-I-R classification is more sensitive to fibrosis changes after antiviral therapy. P-I-R classification (after treatment) can be used to assess the risk of HCC in patients after antiviral therapy.
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Objective@#To investigate the antimicrobial resistance in and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Campylobacter jejuni in meat and meat products in Liaoning Province, so as to provide insights into the management of C. jejuni infection. @*Methods@#Nine C. jejuni isolates from meat and meat products in 2020 were subjected to whole genome sequencing, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was measured with the agar dilution method. MLST of C. jejuni isolates was performed with the microbial resistance mechanism traceability reference database and analysis system.@*Results@#Six drug-resistant C. jejuni isolates were detected, and there were four multidrug-resistant isolates. There were six C. jejuni isolates resistant to tetracycline, five isolates resistant to nalidixic acid, four isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, two isolates resistant to florfenicol, one isolate resistant to gentamicin and one isolate resistant to streptomycin. Nine C. jejuni isolates showed sensitive to azithromycin, chloramphenicol and clindamycin. MLST identified six ST types in nine C. jejuni isolates, with ST45 and ST2274 as the predominant type, and detected one isolate with unclassified ST type. Phylogenetic analysis showed that KW028 and KW029 of ST45 type were closely related and had high homology, and KW040 and KW042 of ST2274 type were closely related with high homology, while KW007 of ST6701 type was closely related to KW040 and KW042 of ST2274 type, with only one pgm housekeeper gene in difference. @*Conclusions@#High resistance to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was detected in nine C. jejuni isolates from meat and meat products, and ST45 and ST2274 were predominant ST types of C. jejuni.
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Objective:To investigate the multilocus sequence typing (MLST), clinical manifestations, and drug resistance of Salmonella typhimurium in children, thus providing references for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pediatric Salmonella typhimurium infection.Methods:The clinical data of patients with Salmonella typhimurium serotypes confirmed by stool or blood culture between November 2017 and October 2020 were retrospectively collected from Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital.MSLT and drug susceptibility test were performed on Salmonella typhimurium isolated from the samples. Kruskal- Wallis test, Chi- square test, and Fisher′ s exact probability method were employed for data analyses. Results:Salmonella typhimurium was cultured from clinical samples of 96 children, of which, 93 samples were effective, including 92 stool samples and 1 blood sample from 53 boys(56.99%) and 40 girls(43.01%). The median age of disease onset occurred at 12.0 (8.5-22.0) months, with peak months of onset ranging from July to October.According to MLST classification, 93 children were divided into ST34 classification( n=58), ST19 classification( n=22) and other classification( n=13). Respiratory symptoms were significant different among MLST classification, and ST34 type Salmonella typhimurium enteritis was more commonly accompanied by respiratory symptoms ( χ2=17.657, P<0.001; Cramer V=0.421, P<0.001). There were significant differences in the drug sensitivity to Ampicillin ( χ2=8.774, P=0.033), Piperacillin tazobactam ( χ2=6.713, P=0.022), Ciprofloxacin ( χ2=20.780, P<0.001), Sulfamethoxazole ( χ2=15.364, P=0.001), Ampicillin sulbactam ( χ2=17.626, P=0.001) and Levofloxacin ( χ2=25.648, P<0.001) among 3 groups.No significant difference was found in the sensitivity to Ceftriaxone ( χ2=1.027, P=0.621), Ceftazidime ( χ2=7.637, P=0.059), Cefepime ( χ2=6.099, P=0.116) and Cefoperazone/Sulbactam ( χ2=2.405, P=0.649). All MLST types were sensitive to Imipenem and Meropenem. Conclusions:Salmonella typhimurium infection mainly affects infants, with the peak months of onset ranging from July to October.MLST34 is the main serotype, accompanied respiratory symptoms.Antibiotics should be selected according to drug sensitivity, and third-generation cephalosporins can be selected empirically without drug susceptibility test results.
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Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a group of heterogeneous malignant tumors with poor prognosis, with a lack of standard treatment regimen and poor efficacy of traditional chemotherapy. Therefore, finding new and more effective therapeutic targets to improve the efficacy of PTCL is an urgent clinical problem. In recent years, as the exploration of PTCL at the genetic and molecular levels has intensified, novel therapeutic targets based on gene alterations and molecular typing have been identified. This article summarizes the research progress of main gene alterations and molecular typing of PTCL in recent years.
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As a retrovirus with high recombination and mutation rate， HIV targets CD4+ T lymphocytes， causing damage to the body's immune system and eventually leading to severe immune function defects. Different subtypes of the HIV virus exhibit significant sequence differences in their structural and regulatory genes， and this diversity is closely related to etiology， transmission， diagnosis， drug therapy， disease progression， and vaccine development. As a country with the largest number of HIV subtypes， rapid and accurate typing of the HIV virus holds great significance for China's efforts in disease prevention and control. This study provides a comprehensive reveiw of domestic and international HIV genotyping methods， and summarizes the clinical significance of different subtypes in order to provide reference for further research.
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With the advance of molecular biology, DNA analysis technology has been widely applied in forensic science. Non-human DNA analysis can be used in some special cases and has unique forensic value to provide investigation clues and trial basis. Animal DNA typing plays a more prominent role in the detection of all kinds of non-human DNA related cases and is the main content of forensic non-human DNA analysis. This paper reviews the development history, present situation, advantages and disadvantages of animal DNA typing according to its technology, characteristic, challenges facing forensic science application scenarios, and also its future development.
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Animals , DNA Fingerprinting , Forensic Medicine , DNA/analysis , Forensic Sciences , Molecular Biology , Forensic GeneticsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This study describes the laboratory investigation of two acute Chagas disease outbreaks that occurred in the riverside communities of Marimarituba and Cachoeira do Arua, in the Santarem municipality, Para State, located in the Northern region of Brazil, and occurred in March 2016 and August 2017, respectively. The generation of data regarding the diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites circulating in the Amazon region is key for understanding the emergence and expansion of Chagas disease. This study aimed to identify T. cruzi Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) involved in two outbreaks of acute Chagas disease (ACD) directly from the patient's biological sample. Nested and multiplex PCR targeting the 24Sα (rRNA) and mini-exon genes, respectively, were used to identify T. cruzi DTU in blood samples from patients diagnosed with ACD. The samples with positive cPCR were submitted for analysis for T. cruzi DTUs, which included 13 samples from the patients with ACD by oral transmission and two samples collected from two newborns of two women with ACD, from Marimarituba and Cachoeira do Arua. The samples were classified as T. cruzi TcIV, from Marimarituba's outbreak, and T. cruzi TcI, from Cachoeira do Arua's outbreak. The molecular identification of T. cruzi may increase understanding of the role of this parasite in Chagas disease's emergence within the Amazon region, contributing to the improvement of the management of this important, but also neglected, disease.